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N -Acetylcysteine (NAC) has health benefits attributed to its antioxidant properties and disulfide bond cleavage ability. Unfortunately, solutions of NAC are acidic with an undesirable taste and an unpleasant aftertaste. A method for slowing NAC release in water was developed using a solid phase wax coating. A coating of natural waxes, using food grade corn oil as the solvent and surfactants to facilitate the wax coating on the particles was used to decrease the solubility of NAC powder, crystals, and granules in water. A high NAC loading, between 55 and 91% for NAC granules and NAC crystals, was achieved as measured using LC-MS. The NAC wax-coated particles were fully characterized, and microscopy and SEM images revealed the shape, morphology, and size of the particles. Conductometry was used to study NAC release profile in water from wax-coated particles and the results indicate that solid phase wax coatings slowed the release of NAC into water. 

Nicotinamide riboside chloride (NRCl) is an effective form of vitamin B3. However, it cannot be used in ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages or high-water activity foods because of its intrinsic instability in water. To address this issue, we synthesized nicotinamide riboside trioleate chloride (NRTOCl) as a new hydrophobic nicotinamide riboside (NR) derivative. Contrary to NRCl, NRTOCl is soluble in an oil phase. The results of stability studies showed that NRTOCl was much more stable than NRCl both in water and in oil-in-water emulsions at 25 °C and 35 °C. Finally, we evaluated the bioavailability of NRTOCl by studying its digestibility in simulated intestinal fluid. The results demonstrated that NRTOCl was partially digestible and released NR in the presence of porcine pancreatin in a simulated intestinal fluid. This study showed that NRTOCl has the potential to be used as an NR derivative in ready-to-drink (RTD) beverages and other foods and supplement applications. 

In the present work, we describe an efficient method for scalable synthesis and purification of 1,4-dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) from commercially available nicotinamide riboside chloride (NRCl) and in the presence of sodium dithionate as a reducing agent. NRH is industrially relevant as the most effective, synthetic NAD + precursor. We demonstrated that solid phase synthesis cannot be used for the reduction of NRCl to NRH in high yield, whereas a reduction reaction in water at room temperature under anaerobic conditions is shown to be very effective, reaching a 55% isolation yield. For the first time, by using common column chromatography, we were able to highly purify this sensitive bio-compound with good yield. A series of identifications and analyses including HPLC, NMR, LC-MS, FTIR, and UV-vis spectroscopy were performed on the purified sample, confirming the structure of NRH as well as its purity to be 96%. Thermal analysis of NRH showed higher thermal stability compared to NRCl, and with two major weight losses, one at 218 °C and another at 805 °C. We also investigated the long term stability effects of temperature, pH, light, and oxygen (as air) on the NRH in aqueous solutions. Our results show that NRH can be oxidized in the presence of oxygen, and it hydrolyzed quickly in acidic conditions. It was also found that the degradation rate is lower under a N 2 atmosphere, at lower temperatures, and under basic pH conditions.